| GDP (Fe) | Partner country GDP | -2.18*(0.03) | -1.34(0.18) | -4.07**(0.00) | 0.41(0.68) | 0.13(0.89) | -0.71(0.48) | -0.98(0.32) | -0.98(0.32) | -0.98(0.32) | -0.98(0.32) |
| Partner country GDP per capita | 8.16**(0.00) | 7.91**(0.00) | 4.98**(0.00) | 7.92**(0.00) | 7.26**(0.00) | 7.34**(0.00) | 3.18**(0.00) | 3.18**(0.00) | 3.18**(0.00) | 3.18**(0.00) |
| Korea GDP | | 1.21(0.23) | 3.83**(0.00) | -0.95(0.34) | -0.67(0.50) | 0.28(0.77) | 0.64(0.52) | 0.64(0.52) | 0.64(0.52) | 0.64(0.52) |
| Korea GDP per capita | | | -4.52**(0.00) | -7.36**(0.00) | -6.71**(0.00) | -6.78**(0.00) | -2.71**(0.00) | -2.71**(0.00) | -2.71**(0.00) | -2.71**(0.00) |
| Economic indicators | Korea exchange rate | | | | -5.68**(0.00) | -5.60**(0.00) | -4.51**(0.00) | -2.58**(0.01) | -2.58**(0.01) | -2.58**(0.01) | -2.58**(0.01) |
| Partner country exchange rate | | | | | -0.92(0.36) | -1.27(0.21) | -0.76(0.45) | -0.76(0.45) | -0.76(0.45) | -0.76(0.45) |
| International oil prices | | | | | | -1.38(0.17) | -1.96*(0.05) | -1.96*(0.05) | -1.96*(0.05) | -1.96*(0.05) |
| Gravity model(Re) | Flight distance | | | | | | | -1.49(0.48) | -1.49(0.48) | -1.49(0.48) | -1.49(0.48) |
| Partner country population | | | | | | | | 8.92**(0.00) | 8.92**(0.00) | 8.92**(0.00) |
| Partner country area | | | | | | | | | -8.75**(0.00) | -8.75**(0.00) |
| Number of airports in partner country | | | | | | | | | | 9.28**(0.00) |