Table 1. Human intelligence theories

Theory Creator Year Components
Theory of Multiple Intelligences (TMI) Gardner 1983 1. Verbal-linguistic2. Logical-mathematical3. Spatial-visual4. Bodily-kinesthetic5. Musical6. Interpersonal7. Intrapersonal8. Naturalist9. Existential
Emotional Intelligence (EI) Goleman 1995 1. Self-awareness2. Self-regulation3. Motivation4. Empathy5. Social skills
Spiritual Intelligence (SI) Zohar 1997 1. Self-awareness2. Spontaneity3. Being vision- and value-led4. Holism5. Compassion6. Celebration of diversity7. Field independence8. Humility9. Tendency to ask fundamental “Why?” questions10. Ability to reframe11. Positive use of adversity12. Sense of vocation